Jewish Refugees from Arab Lands
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    • While maintaining a separate identity, Jews were noted contributors to Arabic culture in literature, poetry and music.
       
    • Unable to join local Arab sports associations, Jews organized their own.
       
    • The Alliance Israelite Universelle, created in 1860, worked to ensure that Jewish children in the Middle East and North Africa received first-class education.
       
    • Jews were called the 'People of the Book' by their Arab neighbors and their secular scholarship and medical knowledge was highly regarded by many Muslim leaders, despite periodic restrictio ...
       
    • Under Islamic rule, Jews were considered dhimmi, second-class citizens.