He served in the IDF, and has a B.A. in International Relations and Political Science from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

One of the founders of the Zionist Forum for Soviet Jewry, Avigdor Liberman was a member of the Board of the Jerusalem Economic Corporation and the Secretary of the Jerusalem branch of the Histadrut Ovdim Le'umit and was the editor of a newspaper (Yoman Yisraeli). Liberman served as Director-General of the Likud Movement from 1993-1996, and then as Director-General of the Prime Minister's Office (1996-1997). In 1999, he founded and became Head of the Yisrael Beiteinu Party.

First elected to the Knesset in 1999, he has served as a member of the Foreign Affairs & Defense Committee and State Control Committees, and as Chairman of the Israel-Moldova Parliamentary Friendship League.

In March 2001, Liberman was appointed Minister of National Infrastructures. He resigned his post in March 2002. He served as Minister of Transportation from February 2003 until June 2004. He served as  Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Strategic Affairs from October 2006 until his resignation in January 2008.

In March 2009, Avigdor Liberman was appointed Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs.

He is married, with three children.